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[[File:Codex Vaticanus.jpg|thumb|250px|Page from [[Codex Vaticanus]] written ca. 350 AD]]
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[[File:Codex Vaticanus.jpg|thumb|250px|Página del [[Codex Vaticanus]] escrita ca. 350 dC]]
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El '''Nuevo Testamento''' es una colección de veintisiete libros y cartas, escritas por testigos y por las personas que obtuvieron el testimonio de testigos presenciales.<ref>[http://vimeo.com/21393890 Lecture with Dr. Peter Williams on the evidence that builds a case for eyewitness accounts in the New Testament] By Lanier Theological Library. Mar 23, 2011</ref> Being that the oldest extant manuscripts are in Greek and the context of [[hellenization]] that helped develop the culture of first century [[Palestine]], scholars have determined that the New Testament was originally written in Greek. Completed before 100 AD the emphasis of the New Testament is the [[life]], teachings, crucifixion, death, [[resurrection]] and gift of salvation of [[Jesus Christ|Jesus of Nazareth]]. There is also focus on the early [[history]] of the [[History of Christianity|Christian church]] within specifically the book of [[Acts]].
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El '''Nuevo Testamento''' es una colección de veintisiete libros y cartas, escritas por testigos y por las personas que obtuvieron el testimonio de testigos presenciales.<ref>[http://vimeo.com/21393890 Lecture with Dr. Peter Williams on the evidence that builds a case for eyewitness accounts in the New Testament] By Lanier Theological Library. Mar 23, 2011</ref> Siendo que los más antiguos manuscritos existentes están en griego y en el contexto de la [[helenización]] que ayudó a desarrollar la cultura del siglo I en la [[Palestina]], los estudiosos han determinado que el Nuevo Testamento fue escrito originalmente en griego. Completado antes de 100 dC, el énfasis del Nuevo Testamento es la [[vida]], las enseñanzas, la crucifixión, la muerte, la [[resurrección]] y el don de la salvación de [[Jesucristo|Jesús de Nazaret]]. También se enfoca en la [[historia]] temprana de la [[Historia del Cristianismo|iglesia cristiana]] específicamente en el libro de los Hechos.
  
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==Reading and Interpretation==
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==Lectura e Interpretación==
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NT Wright, an influential New Testament scholar, paints a quick picture of the history of reading the New Testament in his book ''The New Testament and the People of God''. Wright recommends reading the New Testament as not only historical but theological, contexts enabling [[Christianity]] to maintain a practice of historical [[theology]]. However throughout the history of reading the NT there have been;
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NT Wright, un influyente erudito del Nuevo Testamento, pinta un panorama rápido de la historia de la lectura del Nuevo Testamento en su libro ''The New Testament and the People of God''. Wright recomienda leer el Nuevo Testamento en el contexto no sólo histórico, sino teológico, lo que permite el [[cristianismo]] mantener una práctica de la [[teología]] histórica. Sin embargo a lo largo de la historia de la lectura del Nuevo Testamento ha habido;
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{{cquote|... four ways (pre-critical, historical, theological and postmodern readings) correspond very broadly to three movements within the history of Western culture in the last few centuries. The first belongs to the period before the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century; the second, to the major emphasis of the Enlightenment, sometimes known as 'modernism' or 'modernity'; the third, to a corrective on the second, still from within the Enlightenment worldview has begun to break up under questioning from many sides, and which has become known as 'postmodern.'<ref>NT Wright, ''The New Testament and the People of God'' (Fortress Press 1992), pg. 7</ref>|}}
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{{cquote|... cuatro medios (lecturas pre-crítica, histórica, teológica y postmodernas) corresponden de manera muy amplia a tres movimientos dentro de la historia de la cultura occidental en los últimos siglos. La primera pertenece al período anterior al Iluminismo del siglo XVIII; la segunda, el énfasis principal del Iluminismo, a veces conocido como "modernismo" o "modernidad"; el tercero, a un correctiva de la segunda, aún dentro de la cosmovisión del Iluminismo ha comenzado a romperse bajo interrogatorio desde muchos lados, y que ha llegado a conocerse como "posmoderna".<ref>NT Wright, ''The New Testament and the People of God'' (Fortress Press 1992), pg. 7</ref>|}}
  
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==Apologetics==
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==Apologética==
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There are two accepted methods proposed by biblical and specifically New Testament biblical scholarship that when followed serve as a type of historical bedrock from which to defend the resurrection of Jesus Christ, and uniqueness of the New Testament among ancient literature. There is firstly the minimal facts method with its pioneer Gary Habermas, recognized as a world authority on the resurrection of Jesus. Secondly there is what is called the general reliability method which is utilized to articulate a case for textual stability of the New Testament rather than the historicity of particular events within the life of Jesus.<ref>[http://www.garyhabermas.com/articles/crj_recentperspectives/crj_recentperspectives.htm Recent Perspectives on the Reliability of the Gospels] by Gary R. Habermas. Originally published in the Christian Research Journal / vol. 28, no. 1, 2005.</ref>
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Hay dos métodos aceptados propuestos por los estudios bíblicos y en particular estudios bíblicos del Nuevo Testamento que cuando son seguidos, sirven como una especie de lecho de roca histórica de partida para defender la resurrección de Jesucristo, y la singularidad del Nuevo Testamento entre la literatura antigua. Hay en primer lugar el método de los hechos mínimos con su pionero Gary Habermas, reconocido como una autoridad mundial en la resurrección de Jesús. En segundo lugar, existe lo que se llama el método de confiabilidad general que se utiliza para articular un caso para la estabilidad textual del Nuevo Testamento en lugar de la historicidad de eventos particulares dentro de la vida de Jesús..<ref>[http://www.garyhabermas.com/articles/crj_recentperspectives/crj_recentperspectives.htm Recent Perspectives on the Reliability of the Gospels] by Gary R. Habermas. Originally published in the Christian Research Journal / vol. 28, no. 1, 2005.</ref>
  
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===Minimal facts method===
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===Método de mínimos hechos===
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:''Main Article: [[Minimal facts method]]''
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{{Artículo principal|Método de mínimos hechos}}
  
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The minimal facts method is a historical apologetic that makes the case for the [[supernatural]] [[resurrection]] of [[Jesus Christ]]. The minimal facts method is also called the minimal facts approach and was pioneered in the 1970's by the philosopher, historian and prominent Christian apologist [[Gary Habermas|Gary R. Habermas]]. It is considered within specifically historical apologetics as a scholarly approach to establish specific reliability in the [[Bible]] showing the central doctrine of [[Christianity]] as historical fact.<ref>A historical fact is what historians consider knowable history; they do not necessarily mean it to be a logical proof.</ref>
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El método de los hechos mínimos es una apología histórica que justifica la [[resurrección]] [[sobrenatural]] de [[Jesucristo]]. El método de hechos mínimos también se llama enfoque de hechos mínimos y fue pionero en la década de 1970 por el filósofo, historiador y destacado apologista cristiano [[Gary Habermas|Gary R. Habermas]]. Se considera dentro de la apologética específicamente histórica como un enfoque académico para establecer una fiabilidad específica en la [[Biblia]] que muestra la doctrina central de [[cristianismo]] como un hecho histórico.<ref>Un hecho histórico es lo que los historiadores consideran historia conocible; no necesariamente significan que sea una prueba lógica.</ref>
  
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===General reliability method===
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===Método de confiabilidad general===
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:''Main Article: [[General reliability method]]''
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{{Artículo principal|Método de confiabilidad general}}
  
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The general reliability method is [[apologetics]] from [[textual criticism]] that focuses on the textual features of the New Testament. As ancient literature the NT is compared with other literature from which there are surviving manuscripts. Specific categories of chronological criteria relative to biblical and non-biblical manuscripts are compared. The method formulated during the late 19th and early 20th centuries as [[archeological]] discoveries brought to light the manuscript and therefore textual data necessary to reason methodically. The general reliability method is underpinned by the whole range of practices within the field of [[textual criticism]]. So much so is the scholarly field so important for the general reliability method that the methodology is sometimes referred to as simply textual criticism of the New Testament. What that naturally amounts to is a unique status for the texts of the NT. The general reliability method is still used today by Christians but sophisticated treatments by apologists regard it in light of what was pioneered in the 1970's by [[Gary Habermas]] called the [[minimal facts method]].  
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El método de confiabilidad general es la [[apologética]] de la [[crítica textual]] que se enfoca en las características textuales del Nuevo Testamento. As ancient literature the NT is compared with other literature from which there are surviving manuscripts. Specific categories of chronological criteria relative to biblical and non-biblical manuscripts are compared. The method formulated during the late 19th and early 20th centuries as [[archeological]] discoveries brought to light the manuscript and therefore textual data necessary to reason methodically. The general reliability method is underpinned by the whole range of practices within the field of [[textual criticism]]. So much so is the scholarly field so important for the general reliability method that the methodology is sometimes referred to as simply textual criticism of the New Testament. What that naturally amounts to is a unique status for the texts of the NT. The general reliability method is still used today by Christians but sophisticated treatments by apologists regard it in light of what was pioneered in the 1970's by [[Gary Habermas]] called the [[minimal facts method]].
  
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==Books of the New Testament==
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==Libros del Nuevo Testamento==
 
There are several divisions of the New Testament which are the Gospels, Pauline epistles or letters, the general epistles and the final book of the Bible called Revelation.
 
There are several divisions of the New Testament which are the Gospels, Pauline epistles or letters, the general epistles and the final book of the Bible called Revelation.
  
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===Gospels===
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===Evangelios===
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: ''Main Article: [[Gospels]]''
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{{Artículo principal|Evangelios}}
  
 
The word gospel [ˈɡɒspəl] derives from the Old English word ''gōdspell'' from ''gōd'', meaning "good" and ''spell'', meaning "message" or "news" - compare the Old Norse ''guthspjall'', the Old High German ''guotspell'' or the Germanic ''gutspeil''. Therefore the word gospel is the English translation of the Koine Greek ''εὐαγγέλιον'' (''euangelion'', ''εὖ eu'' "good" + ''ἄγγελος angelos'' "messenger"), Latinized ''evangelium''.<ref>The word "gospel" on Dictionary.com: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gospel</ref><ref>[[Wikipedia:Good_news_(Christianity)|Good News]] By Wikipedia</ref> The ''Acts of the Apostles'' are a continuance of the gospel Luke, documenting the history of the early [[Christian]] church, beginning immediately following Jesus' death and [[resurrection]]. Of the authors, only [[Matthew]] and [[John]] had met Jesus; they were among His disciples during His earthly ministry. [[Mark]] was a companion of [[Peter]], and scholarship generally sees his gospel as the first to be written down approximately 65 AD. [[Luke]] is considered the author of both his gospel and the book of ''Acts'' and is generally referred to as Luke-Acts.
 
The word gospel [ˈɡɒspəl] derives from the Old English word ''gōdspell'' from ''gōd'', meaning "good" and ''spell'', meaning "message" or "news" - compare the Old Norse ''guthspjall'', the Old High German ''guotspell'' or the Germanic ''gutspeil''. Therefore the word gospel is the English translation of the Koine Greek ''εὐαγγέλιον'' (''euangelion'', ''εὖ eu'' "good" + ''ἄγγελος angelos'' "messenger"), Latinized ''evangelium''.<ref>The word "gospel" on Dictionary.com: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gospel</ref><ref>[[Wikipedia:Good_news_(Christianity)|Good News]] By Wikipedia</ref> The ''Acts of the Apostles'' are a continuance of the gospel Luke, documenting the history of the early [[Christian]] church, beginning immediately following Jesus' death and [[resurrection]]. Of the authors, only [[Matthew]] and [[John]] had met Jesus; they were among His disciples during His earthly ministry. [[Mark]] was a companion of [[Peter]], and scholarship generally sees his gospel as the first to be written down approximately 65 AD. [[Luke]] is considered the author of both his gospel and the book of ''Acts'' and is generally referred to as Luke-Acts.

Revisión actual del 23:19 12 oct 2019

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Página del Codex Vaticanus escrita ca. 350 dC

El Nuevo Testamento es una colección de veintisiete libros y cartas, escritas por testigos y por las personas que obtuvieron el testimonio de testigos presenciales.[1] Siendo que los más antiguos manuscritos existentes están en griego y en el contexto de la helenización que ayudó a desarrollar la cultura del siglo I en la Palestina, los estudiosos han determinado que el Nuevo Testamento fue escrito originalmente en griego. Completado antes de 100 dC, el énfasis del Nuevo Testamento es la vida, las enseñanzas, la crucifixión, la muerte, la resurrección y el don de la salvación de Jesús de Nazaret. También se enfoca en la historia temprana de la iglesia cristiana específicamente en el libro de los Hechos.

Lectura e Interpretación

NT Wright, un influyente erudito del Nuevo Testamento, pinta un panorama rápido de la historia de la lectura del Nuevo Testamento en su libro The New Testament and the People of God. Wright recomienda leer el Nuevo Testamento en el contexto no sólo histórico, sino teológico, lo que permite el cristianismo mantener una práctica de la teología histórica. Sin embargo a lo largo de la historia de la lectura del Nuevo Testamento ha habido;

“ ... cuatro medios (lecturas pre-crítica, histórica, teológica y postmodernas) corresponden de manera muy amplia a tres movimientos dentro de la historia de la cultura occidental en los últimos siglos. La primera pertenece al período anterior al Iluminismo del siglo XVIII; la segunda, el énfasis principal del Iluminismo, a veces conocido como "modernismo" o "modernidad"; el tercero, a un correctiva de la segunda, aún dentro de la cosmovisión del Iluminismo ha comenzado a romperse bajo interrogatorio desde muchos lados, y que ha llegado a conocerse como "posmoderna".[2] ”


Apologética

Hay dos métodos aceptados propuestos por los estudios bíblicos y en particular estudios bíblicos del Nuevo Testamento que cuando son seguidos, sirven como una especie de lecho de roca histórica de partida para defender la resurrección de Jesucristo, y la singularidad del Nuevo Testamento entre la literatura antigua. Hay en primer lugar el método de los hechos mínimos con su pionero Gary Habermas, reconocido como una autoridad mundial en la resurrección de Jesús. En segundo lugar, existe lo que se llama el método de confiabilidad general que se utiliza para articular un caso para la estabilidad textual del Nuevo Testamento en lugar de la historicidad de eventos particulares dentro de la vida de Jesús..[3]

Método de mínimos hechos

Véase artículo principal: Método de mínimos hechos

El método de los hechos mínimos es una apología histórica que justifica la resurrección sobrenatural de Jesucristo. El método de hechos mínimos también se llama enfoque de hechos mínimos y fue pionero en la década de 1970 por el filósofo, historiador y destacado apologista cristiano Gary R. Habermas. Se considera dentro de la apologética específicamente histórica como un enfoque académico para establecer una fiabilidad específica en la Biblia que muestra la doctrina central de cristianismo como un hecho histórico.[4]

Método de confiabilidad general

Véase artículo principal: Método de confiabilidad general

El método de confiabilidad general es la apologética de la crítica textual que se enfoca en las características textuales del Nuevo Testamento. As ancient literature the NT is compared with other literature from which there are surviving manuscripts. Specific categories of chronological criteria relative to biblical and non-biblical manuscripts are compared. The method formulated during the late 19th and early 20th centuries as archeological discoveries brought to light the manuscript and therefore textual data necessary to reason methodically. The general reliability method is underpinned by the whole range of practices within the field of textual criticism. So much so is the scholarly field so important for the general reliability method that the methodology is sometimes referred to as simply textual criticism of the New Testament. What that naturally amounts to is a unique status for the texts of the NT. The general reliability method is still used today by Christians but sophisticated treatments by apologists regard it in light of what was pioneered in the 1970's by Gary Habermas called the minimal facts method.

Libros del Nuevo Testamento

There are several divisions of the New Testament which are the Gospels, Pauline epistles or letters, the general epistles and the final book of the Bible called Revelation.

Evangelios

Véase artículo principal: Evangelios

The word gospel [ˈɡɒspəl] derives from the Old English word gōdspell from gōd, meaning "good" and spell, meaning "message" or "news" - compare the Old Norse guthspjall, the Old High German guotspell or the Germanic gutspeil. Therefore the word gospel is the English translation of the Koine Greek εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion, εὖ eu "good" + ἄγγελος angelos "messenger"), Latinized evangelium.[5][6] The Acts of the Apostles are a continuance of the gospel Luke, documenting the history of the early Christian church, beginning immediately following Jesus' death and resurrection. Of the authors, only Matthew and John had met Jesus; they were among His disciples during His earthly ministry. Mark was a companion of Peter, and scholarship generally sees his gospel as the first to be written down approximately 65 AD. Luke is considered the author of both his gospel and the book of Acts and is generally referred to as Luke-Acts.

The kinds of material covered within the gospels in regard to the life and death of Jesus Christ are basically five types. They are; parables, miracle stories, pronouncement stories which are anecdotes that preserve the memory of something Jesus said, and were also very popular within the greater Greco-Roman world as well. Individual sayings are also part of the gospels but do not have narrative context like pronouncement stories. And then there are passion and resurrection narratives, which are covered in far more detail than any other types of material found in the gospels.[7]

The gospels are;

There is also Acts of the Apostles which is usually taken in conjunction with Luke and referred to as Luke-Acts.

Epístolas Paulinas

Véase artículo principal: Epístolas paulinas

Estas son las cartas escritas a diversas comunidades cristianas por el apóstol Pablo.

Epístolas Generales

Véase artículo principal: Epístolas generales

Revelation

Main Article: Revelation

The Book of Revelation, also called The Apocalypse, is the last work in the New Testament as well as the whole Bible, written close to AD 100 by the Apostle John during his exile on the Greek island of Patmos. Revelation is concerned with the condition of the Seven Churches of Asia before going deeply into a description of the last days prior to the beginning of the Millennial Age.

Referencias

  1. ↑ Lecture with Dr. Peter Williams on the evidence that builds a case for eyewitness accounts in the New Testament By Lanier Theological Library. Mar 23, 2011
  2. ↑ NT Wright, The New Testament and the People of God (Fortress Press 1992), pg. 7
  3. ↑ Recent Perspectives on the Reliability of the Gospels by Gary R. Habermas. Originally published in the Christian Research Journal / vol. 28, no. 1, 2005.
  4. ↑ Un hecho histórico es lo que los historiadores consideran historia conocible; no necesariamente significan que sea una prueba lógica.
  5. ↑ The word "gospel" on Dictionary.com: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gospel
  6. ↑ Good News By Wikipedia
  7. ↑ Mark Allan Powell, Introducing the New Testament: A Historical, Literary, and Theological Survey (Baker Academic 2009), pgg. 85-92

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