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[[Image:Hebrew Bible.jpg|right|thumb|250px|11th century manuscript of the [[Hebrew]] Bible with Targum.]]
The '''Old Testament''', also called the Hebrew [[Bible]] or '''Tanakh''', consists of thirty-nine books. The books themselves were originally written in [[Hebrew]], and later on in the [[Aramaic]] language of [[Palestine]]. The [[Bible]] reports the [[Creation]] of the [[universe]] including the [[star|stars]], [[planet|planets]], [[plant|plants]], [[animal|animals]] and [[man]] by [[God]] {{bible ref|book=Genesis|chap=1-2|version=KJV}}. It describes further the major event of the [[Fall of Man|Fall of man]] with all its still observable consequences like [[death]] and suffering. But already in {{bible ref|book=Genesis|chap=3|verses=15-16|version=KJV}} and throughout the Old Testament a saving act of [[God]], the sending of the [[Redeemer]] is prophesied.
The [[Greek]] language Old Testament was written after the conquest of [[Alexander the Great]] around 130 BC and is known as the [[Septuagint]]. This implies an even earlier date of an established Old Testament canon generally accepted to fall within the 5th century to 3rd century BC (400 to 200 BC).<ref>[[Wikipedia:Old_Testament|Old Testament]] By Wikipedia</ref>
==Textual Reliability==
The oldest books of the Bible are certainly the five books of the Torah and ''Job''. In {{Bible ref|book=I_Kings|chap=6|verses=1}}, Solomon is stated to have begun building the Temple ''in the 480th year after the children of Israel were come up out of the land of Egypt''. It had been established by scholars and historians that Solomon had begun building the Temple in the fourth year of his reign; this is variously thought to have taken place in 961 BC or 1015 BC, making the [[date of the Exodus]] under Moses to have been 1446 BC or 1491 BC. During the following forty years Moses wrote the Torah and ''Job'', completing them before his death at [[Mt. Nebo]] about 1406 BC or 1451 BC. According to biblical scholar and historian Robert D. Wilson the Torah as it stands dates from the time of Moses, the five books constitute one continuous work, and was written by a single individual, Moses himself.<ref>Wilson, Robert D. ''A Scientific Investigation of the Old Testament'', Sunday School Times, Inc, Philadelphia, [[Pennsylvania|PA]], 1926, p. 11.</ref>
The remaining books of the Old Testament were written at various times since the death of Moses, with ''Malachi'', the last Old Testament book, being written about 455 BC. During this period each of the books was written and re-written on parchment or papyrus, with the editors taking great care in their work; a single biblical book hand-written today can take weeks to complete. The older scrolls were disposed of by burial or systematic destruction when worn from normal usage; as a result, the oldest surviving examples of biblical manuscripts are those which have been carefully preserved either by direct actions of people (such as monasteries), or by removal from forces of decay. Currently, the oldest surviving manuscripts are those found within the caves of Qumran in 1948 and known as the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], dating between 250 BC to AD 70; the complete ''Isaiah'' scroll of this collection dates to 150 BC
===The Masoretic Text===
:''Main Article: [[Masoretic text]]''
The Masoretic text was completed in the 10th or 11th century AD. It is universally recognized as the authoritative and official version of the [[Tanakh]] and is used for the translation for the Old Testament in many [[Protestant]] Bibles.
===The Septuagint===
:''Main Article: [[Septuagint]]''
Around 200 BC the Septuagint, a Greek-language version of the Old Testament, was completed. This was due to the [[Hellenization]] of large areas of the [[Middle East]] after the conquest of [[Alexander the Great]], making Greek the de facto language for everyday communications and business. The Septuagint marks the first time in history that the Old Testament was translated into a language different from what was used to compose the original autographs.
The Septuagint ({{Latin Name|Interpretatio Septuaginta Virorum}}; {{Greek Name|Ἡ Μετάφρασις τῶν Ἑβδομήκοντα|Hē Metáphrasis tōn Hebdomēkonta}}; "[[Name means::Interpretation According to the Seventy]]", abbr. '''LXX''' or '''𝔊''') is the first translation of the Old Testament of the [[Bible]] into the [[Greek language|classical Greek]] that was spoken shortly after the death of [[Alexander the Great]].
The Septuagint contains some different features when compared to the [[Masoretic text]] for three reasons. Firstly, being completed around 130 BC, after several stages of development, would mean it was translated from even older Hebrew copies. Thus (2) motivation by Jewish scribes, and leaders to change the prophetic language about Christ within the Old Testament was not present because Christ was not known specifically. And (3) the [[New Testament]] authors quoted from the Septuagint for more than half of their OT quotes used within the NT.<ref>Craig A. Evans, ''Ancient Texts For New Testament Studies: A Guide To The Background Literature'' (Hendrickson Publishing 2005), pg. 2</ref><ref>[http://feeds.feedburner.com/Apologetics315-DrPhilFernandes-HistoricalApologetics Historical Apologetics - Part 1] Dr. Phil Fernandes. Posted: Tue, 02 Dec 2008 22:58:15 +0000</ref>
===The Dead Sea Scrolls===
: ''Main article: [[Dead Sea scrolls]]''
[[Image:Hosea.jpg|thumb|left|The Hosea Commentary scroll]]
The Dead Sea Scrolls are perhaps the most important archaeological find of the twentieth century. They confirm the reliability of the Old Testament and its prophecies as untainted by later church leaders. Furthermore, they have allowed modern man a glimpse into the era Jesus was born into, and the society that existed at the beginnings of Christianity.
They were discovered in the upper [[Dead Sea]] region of [[Qumran]], 13 miles east of [[Jerusalem]]. In 1947, three local Bedouin shepherds happened upon seven jars in a cave while tossing rocks to entertain themselves. In those jars they found the first scrolls. They sold them to an antiquities dealer, who in turn sold three to Eleazar L. Sukenik of the Hebrew University and four to the Syrian Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem. The Archbishop, Arthanasius Yeshue Samuel, took his scrolls to the [[America]]n School of Oriental Research, making them known to the Western world. Other scrolls were found upon close examination of the caves in the Qumran region between 1947-1956. The importance of the scrolls soon became apparent, as they were recognized to be the oldest such manuscripts of Jewish texts; the Great Isaiah scroll, which contains the entire [[Isaiah (Book of)|book of Isaiah]], is at least 1,000 years older than any other known transcript.
Their age was especially significant because they are almost identical to the later transcripts. Once confirmed, through [[Carbon-14]] dating in addition to paleographic and scribal dating, this fact silenced a lot of criticism aimed at discrediting the biblical texts as adapted or adjusted to fit into Christianity's [[theology]]. Before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, all known copies of biblical texts were written long after the time of Christ. Apart from a few scribal errors, however, the texts of the Dead Sea Scrolls are identical to later corresponding transcripts.
==Characteristics==
=== Objective description of characters ===
A compelling element of the presentation of central figures within the Old Testament is that there are no heroes. The presentation is of real people struggling with real problems in life. Attempting to faithfully live by the will of God but battling with their flesh to be overcome by the [[Holy Spirit]]. For example the following five are prominent examples of the real-person feature of the Old Testament literature.
The five men are;
* [[Noah]] was both "righteous in his generation" and a sloppy drunk;
* [[Abraham]] was both praised by God as "a man of faith" and a coward who lied out of fear;
* [[Moses]] was chosen to lead his people from Egypt, but was also meek, shy, and had a bad temper which ultimately kept him out of the promised land;
* [[David]] was a "Man after God's own heart," an adulterer, and a murderer;
* [[Solomon]] was the wisest man of his day, but married pagan wives and allowed them to set up temples opposed to God.
The objective style in which these men are described is inconsistent with hero-myths. Hero-myths build up characters into such flawless beings that they become flat and unbelievable to the modern mind. The [[Bible]], on the other hand, describes its characters in such rich detail, both good and bad, that the characters strike us as [[historical]] and therefore ''real''.
==Books of the Old Testament==
[[Melito]], a bishop of [[Sardis]] in [[Lydia]] (in what is now [[Turkey]]), is said to have coined the phrase ''Old Testament'' about AD 170.<ref>[[Wikipedia:Melito's Canon|Melito's Canon]] By Wikipedia</ref> The Old Testament is divided in three parts (hence, "Tanakh") within the Jewish community: the [[Torah]] ("Law"), or [[Pentateuch]], known as the five books of [[Moses]]; [[Nevi'im]] ("Prophets"), and [[Ketuvim]] ("Writings,” or [[Hagiographa]]). Here the arrangement of the books differs somewhat from the Old Testament as used by Christians, however the actual writing of each book remains the same.
===Torah===
The Five books of Moses, in their [[Hebrew]] and [[English language|English]] names:
* Bereshith ({{Hebrew Name3|בראשית}}, “in the beginning”)—[[Genesis]]
* Shemot ({{Hebrew Name3|שמות}}, “names”)—[[Exodus]]
* Vayikra ({{Hebrew Name3|ויקרא}}, “and God called”)—[[Leviticus]]
* Bamidbar ({{Hebrew Name3|במדבר}}, “in the Wilderness”)—[[Numbers]]
* Devarim ({{Hebrew Name3|דברים}}, “words”)—[[Deuteronomy]]
The first eleven chapters of ''Genesis'' provide the account of the [[Creation]], the history of God's early relationship with humanity, and the [[Deluge]] of [[Noah]]. The remaining thirty-nine chapters detail the account of God's covenant with the early [[Hebrews|Hebrew]] nation, led by the patriarchs [[Abraham]], [[Isaac]] and [[Jacob]] (or Israel), and one of Jacob's children, [[Joseph]]. It tells the beginnings of God's chosen people, of how God commanded Abraham to leave his family and home to settle in the land of [[Canaan (land)|Canaan]], and how the Children of Israel later moved to Egypt. The remainder of the Torah, beginning with ''Exodus'', tells the story of the great Hebrew leader [[Moses]], and of the Hebrews through their sojourn and slavery in Egypt, their escape from bondage, and their wanderings in the desert until they finally enter the Promised Land.
===Nevi'im===
The [[Nevi'im]] is the story of the rise toward, and ultimately reaching, the Hebrew monarchy; the sad period of anarchy and revolt leading to the division into the two kingdoms of Judah and Israel; and the prophets who judged the kings of both in God's name. It ends with the conquest of both kingdoms and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. The Minor Prophets are considered a single book in the Nevi'um; in Christianity they have been split into twelve separate books and named for their authors.
* [[Joshua]]
* [[Judges]]
* [[Books of Samuel]]
* [[Books of Kings]]
* [[Isaiah]]
* [[Jeremiah]]
* [[Ezekiel]]
* [[The Minor Prophets]]
**[[Hosea]]
** [[Joel]]
** [[Amos]]
** [[Obadiah]]
** [[Jonah]]
** [[Micah]]
** [[Nahum]]
** [[Habakkuk]]
** [[Zephaniah]]
** [[Haggai]]
** [[Zechariah]]
** [[Malachi]]
===Ketuvim===
The [[Ketuvim]], or "Writings," contain lyrical poetry, philosophical reflections on life, and the writings of the prophets and other Jewish leaders during the exile in Babylon.
* [[Book of Ruth]]
* [[Books of Chronicles]]
* [[Ezra]], divided into the two books of Ezra and [[Nehemiah]] in the Christian Bible.
* [[Esther#Book of Esther|Esther]]
* [[Book of Job]]
* [[Psalms]]
* [[Proverbs]]
* [[Ecclesiastes]]
* [[Song of Songs]], called [[Song of Solomon]] in the Christian Bible.
* [[Lamentations]]
* [[Daniel#Book of Daniel|Daniel]]
[[David]] is named as the author of many of the ''Psalms''; [[Solomon]] is believed to have written ''Song of Songs'' in his youth, the ''Proverbs'' in his prime, and ''Ecclesiastes'' during his old age. The prophet [[Jeremiah]] is thought to have written the aptly-named ''Lamentations'' at the beginning of the exile in Babylon. The ''Book of Ruth'' is the only biblical book that centers entirely on a non-Jew, a Moabite who married a Jew and became an ancestor of both David and Jesus Christ. ''Esther'' is unique as it is the only book in the Bible not to mention God. Moses is considered to be the author of ''Job''.
{{Referencias}}
==Enlaces externos==
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8PwiYCkyXw&feature=player_embedded#! New Testament professor Craig A. Evans discusses the Biblical manuscripts, textual criticism, and the Dead Sea Scrolls]
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[[categoría:Biblia]]
[[en:Old Testament]]
[[pt:Antigo Testamento]]
