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'''Información''' es un término derivado del verbo [[latín|latino]] {{Nombre Latino2|informare}} que significa "dar forma a la mente", "la disciplina", "instruir", "enseñar". La información se entiende generalmente como conocimientos o hechos que uno ha adquirido. Sin embargo, en algunas áreas de la ciencia, la información se define de manera diferente ya menudo ambigua.<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.ime.usp.br/~is/ddt/mac333/aulas/tema-11-24mai99.html|título=MAC 333 - A Revolução Digital e a Sociedade do Conhecimento - Tema 11 - O que é Informação? Como ela age?|autor=Simon, Imre|trans_titletrans_título=MAC 333 - La revolución digital y la Sociedad del Conocimiento - Tema 11 - ¿Qué es la información? ¿Cómo funciona?|fechaacceso=31 de julio 2013}}</ref><ref group=nota>[[:en:Wikipedia:Imre Simon|Dr. Imre Simon]], quien hizo esta referencia, fue un conocido matemático y científico de la computación brasileño nacido en Hungría.</ref>

Valdemar W.Setzer<ref group=nota>Dr. Valdemar W.Setzer is a well-known Brazilian computer scientist. He is is a signatory to the list named "[[A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism]]". Found in: {{cite web|url=http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/filesDB-download.php?command=download&id=660|titletítulo=A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism (List)|accessdate=July 31, 2013}}</ref>{{cquote|Information is an informal abstraction (that is, it cannot be formalized through a logical or mathematical theory) which is in the mind of some person in the form of thoughts, representing something of significance to that person. Note that this is not a definition, it is a characterization, because "mind", "thought", "something", "significance" and "person" cannot be well defined. I assume here an intuitive (naïve) understanding of these terms.<ref name=setzer>{{cite web|url=http://www.ime.usp.br/~vwsetzer/data-info.html|authorautor=Setzer, Valdemar W.|titletítulo=Data, Information, Knowledge and Competence|fechaacceso=31 de julio de 2013}}</ref>}}

{{cquote|La información, en su sentido técnico más restringido, es una secuencia de símbolos que pueden interpretarse como un mensaje. La información puede registrarse como signos o transmitirse como señales. La información es cualquier tipo de evento que afecta el estado de un sistema dinámico que puede interpretar la información.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information|publishereditorial=Wikipedia|titletítulo=Information|accessdate=July 31, 2013}}</ref>}}

|Apobetics<ref group=nota>The term "apobetics" was introduced by Dr. Werner Gitt in 1981 to express the teleological aspect of information, the question of purpose. The word is derived from the {{Greek Name|αποβαίνων|apobeinon}} that means result, success, conclusion, consequence. Found in {{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Gitt, Werner|titletítulo= In the Beginning was Information: A Scientist Explains the Incredible Design in Nature|year=2005|publishereditorial=Master Books|location=Green Forest, AR|page=77|isbn=978-0-89051-461-0}}</ref>

According Dr. Gitt, there is no known law through which matter can give rise to information.<ref name=Gitt /> In his article on scientific laws of information, published in the [[Journal of Creation]], Dr. Gitt states that information is not a property of matter, it is a non-material entity so its origin is in the same way not explicable by material processes.<ref name=laws1>{{cite journalcita publicación|titletítulo=Scientific Laws of Information and Their Implications-Part 1|authorautor=Gitt, Werner|year=2009|journal=[[Journal of Creation]]|volume=23|issue=2|pages=96-102|issn=1036-2916}}</ref> Dr. Gitt also points out that the most important prerequisite for the production of information is the sender's own will, so that information can arises only through will encompassing intention and purpose.<ref name=laws1 />

It is generally accepted that the meaning of information given by Claude Shannon in his theory of mathematical information is relevant and legitimate in many areas of biology but in recent decades, and even before, many biologists have applied informational concepts in a broader sense. They see most basic processes characteristic of living organisms being understood in terms of the expression of information, the execution of programs, and the interpretation of codes.<ref name=stanford>{{cite web|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/information-biological/|titletítulo=Biological Information|date=Oct 4, 2007|publishereditorial=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|accessdate=August 2, 2013}}</ref> John von Neumann stated that the genes themselves are clearly parts of a digital system of components.<ref>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=von Neumann, John|titletítulo=The Computer and the Brain|edition=2nd|publishereditorial=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|year=2000|page=69|isbn=0-300-08473-0}}</ref> Many biologists, especially materialists, see this trend as a having foundational problems.<ref name=stanford />

Either way, many scientists in various fields of science consider living organisms as having biological information. [[Gregory Chaitin]], a renowned Argentine-American mathematician and computer scientist, sees [[DNA]] as a computer program for calculating the organism and the relationship between male and female as a way of transmission of biological information from the first to the last.<ref>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Chaitin, Gregory|enlaceautor=Gregory Chaitin|titletítulo=Meta Math!: The Quest for Omega|publishereditorial=Vintage Books|location=New York|year=2005|page=66-74|url=http://arxiv.org/pdf/math/0404335.pdf|isbn=978-1-4000-7797-7}}</ref> David Baltimore, an American biologist and Nobel laureate, stated that "Modern Biology is a science of information".<ref name=uncensored>{{cite bookcita libro|titletítulo=[[Intelligent Design Uncensored: An Easy-to-Understand Guide to the Controversy]]|authorautor=[[William Dembski|Dembski, William A.]]; Witt, Jonathan|page=72-73|publishereditorial=InterVarsity Press|location=Downers Grove, Illinois|isbn=978-0-8308-3742-7|year=2010}}</ref> Edmund Jack Ambrose, quoted by Davis and Kenyon, said that "There is a message if the order of bases in DNA can be translated by the cell into some vital activity necessary for survival or reproduction".<ref name=pandas>{{cite bookcita libro|titletítulo=Of Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins|authorautor=Davis, Percival; [[Dean H. Kenyon|Kenyon, Dean H]]|publishereditorial=Haughton Publishing Company|location=Dallas, Texas|edition=2nd|page=64|isbn=0-914513-40-0}}</ref> [[Richard Dawkins]], a British ethologist and evolutionary biologist, has written that life itself is the flow of a river of DNA which he also denominates a river of information.<ref>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Dawkins, Richard|enlaceautor=Richard Dawkins|titletítulo=River Out of Eden|year=1995|publishereditorial=Basic Books|location=New York|page=4|isbn=978-0-465-06990-3}}</ref> [[Stephen Meyer]] points out that producing organismal form requires the generation of information in Shannon's sense. But he goes further to observe that "like meaningful sentences or lines of computer code, genes and proteins are also specified with respect to function."<ref>{{cite bookcita libro| authorautor=Meyer, Stephen C|enlaceautor=Stephen Meyer|editor=Dembski, William A|titletítulo=Darwin's Nemesis: Philip Johnson and the Intelligent Design Movement|publishereditorial=Inter-Varsity Press|location=Downers Grove, IL|year=2006|page=178-179|chapter=12-The Origin of Biological Information and the Higher Taxonomic Categories|isbn=978-0-8308-2836-4}}</ref> Meyer points out that the information contained in the DNA has a high degree of specificity. [[David Berlinski]] an American philosopher, educator, and author, also draws a parallel between biology and information theory. In his book "The Deniable Darwin & Other Essays" he stated that:

{{cquote|Whatever else a living creature may be...[it] is ''also'' a combinatorial system, its organization controlled by a strange, a hidden and obscure text, one written in a biochemical code. It is an algorithm that lies at the humming heart of life, ferrying information from one set of symbols (the nucleic acids) to another (the proteins)<ref>{{cite bookcita libro|titletítulo=[[The Deniable Darwin and Other Essays]]|authorautor=Berlinski, David|enlaceautor=David Berlinski|year=2010|publishereditorial=Discovery Institute Press|location=Seattle|page=153|isbn=978-0-979014-12-3}} </ref>}}

David Salomon states: "Information seems to be one of those entities that cannot be precisely defined, cannot be quantified, and cannot be dealt rigorously".<ref name=Coding>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Salomon, David|titletítulo=Coding for Data and Computer Communications|publishereditorial=Springer|location=New York|year=2005|page=59|isbn=0-387-21245-0}}</ref> Salomon went on to say, however, that in the field of information theory, information can be treated quantitatively.<ref name=Coding />

In ''A Mathematical Theory of Communication'' Shannon endows the term ''information'' not only with technical significance, but also for measure.<ref name=solomon>{{Cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Salomon, David|titletítulo=Data Compression: The Complete Reference|publishereditorial=Springer|location=New York|page=279|year=2000|edition=2nd|isbn=0-387-95045-1}}</ref> Shannon theorized the idea of quantitative measure of information and defined a quantity called self-information.<ref name=Sayood>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Sayood, Khalid|titletítulo=Introduction to Data Compression|publishereditorial=Morgan Kaufmann Publishers|location=San Francisco|year=2000|edition=2nd|page=13-14|isbn=1-55860-558-4}}</ref> The self-information, denoted by ''i'', associated with an event A is given by:

The measurement of information, in mathematical terms, has to consider the number of signals, their probability, and combinatorial restrictions.<ref name=semiotics /> The amount of information transmitted by a signal increases the more it is their rarity, and the more frequent is a signal, less information it transmits.<ref name=semiotics /> Is worth noting that while we can quantify the probability of any given symbol, we can use no absolute number for the information content of a given message.<ref>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Nelson, Mark; Gailly, Jean-Loup|titletítulo=The Data Compression Book|edition=2nd|publishereditorial=M&T Books|location=New York|year=1996|page=14|isbn=1-55851-434-1}}</ref>

Another way of measuring information content is the Kolmogorov complexity (also known as Chaitin information). The Kolmogorov complexity of a string is the length of the shortest possible description of the string in some fixed universal description language (like the Turing machine). Let ''x'' be a binary string and let d(''x'') be the shortest string <M, ''i''> achieved by concatenating a Turing machine M and an input ''i'' to which the Turing machine halts, leaving the string ''x'' on the tape.<ref name=Sipser>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Sipser, Michael|titletítulo=Introduction to the Theory of Computation|publishereditorial=PWS Publishing Company|location=Boston|year=1997|page=214-215|isbn=0-534-94728-X}}</ref> The Kolmogorov complexity K(''x'') is:

that means, the Kolmogorov complexity is the length of the minimal description of ''x''.<ref name=Sipser /> The complexity can be viewed as the measure of the "patternlessness" of the sequence, and can be equate with the idea of randomness.<ref>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Knuth, Donald|titletítulo=The Art of Computer Programming: Seminumerical Algorithms|volume=2|edition=2nd|page=163-166|publishereditorial=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company|location=Reading, Massachusetts|year=1981|isbn=0-201-03822-6}}</ref> The length of the shortest description will depend on the choice of description language. By way of illustration we compare two strings:

This program contains 34 ASCII characters (counting the blanks and new line) plus 1 character (the parameter: 7) (the value of the variable ''m'' in this particular case). For other values of ''m'' the program length in characters will be 34 + log ''m''. One way to measure the randomness of the former sequence is to form the ratio of program length to string length.<ref>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Dewdney, A. K|titletítulo=The New Turing Omnibus: 66 Excursions in Computer Science|chapter=8-Random Numbers: The Chaitin-Kolmogoroff Theory|page=49-55|publishereditorial=A. W. H. Freeman/Owl Books|location=New York|year=1993|isbn=978-0-8050-7166-5}}</ref> This results in the measure of the randomness of:

Manfred Eigen, Bernd Olaf-Küppers and John Maynard Smith and many other biologists have stated that the origin of information is biology's central problem.<ref name=uncensored /> Some, like Manfred Eigen argue that it is possible for the spontaneous, stochastic, emergence of information out of chaos.<ref name=wilder>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Wilder-Smith, A. E.|enlaceautor=A. E. Wilder-Smith|titletítulo=The Scientific Alternative to Neo-Darwinian Evolutionary Theory|publishereditorial=The Word For Today Publishers|location=Costa Mesa, California|year=1987|page=23-51|isbn=0-936728-1B}}</ref> In his book ''Steps Towards Life'' Eigen states what he regards as the central problem faced in origins of life research: "Our task is to find an algorithm, a natural law that leads to the origin of information".<ref name=dembski1>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Dembski, William A|enlaceautor=William Dembski|titletítulo=Intelligent Design:The Bridge Between Science & Theology|publishereditorial=IVP Academic|location=Downers Grove, Illinois|year=1999|page=153-183|isbn=0-8308-2314-X}}</ref><ref group=nota>The Eigen's book quoted by Dembski is {{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Eigen, Manfred|titletítulo=Steps Towards Life: A Perspective on Evolution|location=Oxford|publishereditorial=Oxford University Press|year=1992|page=12|isbn=0-19854751-X}}</ref> [[A. E. Wilder-Smith]], in contrast, states that

Lester and Bohlin also agree with Wilder-Smith. They point out that several authors in recent years have established a connection between the genetic code present in DNA and information theory. The overall conclusion of their studies is that information cannot arise spontaneously by mechanistic processes.<ref>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Lester, Lane P; [[Raymond Bohlin|Bohlin, Raymond G]]|titletítulo=[[The Natural Limits to Biological Change]]|location=Dallas|publishereditorial=Probe Books|edition=2nd|year=1989|page=157|isbn=0-945241-06-2}}</ref>

In his book ''[[A Case Against Accident and Self-Organization]]'', [[Dean L. Overman]] builds a compelling case that life is no accident. It is not possible to bring the entire argument of the book here. Overman poses that a central distinction between living and non-living matter is the existence of a genome or a composite of genetic messages which carry enough information content to replicate and maintain the organism.<ref name=overman>{{cite book cita libro |authorautor=Overman, Dean L|enlaceautor=Dean L. Overman |editor-last= |titletítulo=[[A Case Against Accident and Self-Organization]]|publishereditorial=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=Lanham|year=1997|page=33-102|isbn=0-8476-8966-2}}</ref> The information contained in the genetic code, like any information or message, is not made of matter. The meaning of the genetic code can not be reduced to a physical or chemical property.<ref name=overman /> Information content is the minimum number of instructions necessary to specify the structure and, in living systems, information content requires an enormous amount of specified instructions.<ref name=overman /> According to Overman, many have proposed calculations for the probability of complex organic compounds such as enzymes, proteins or DNA molecules emerge by chance. Many have concluded that this probability is extremely low, virtually an impossibility.<ref name=overman /><ref group=nota>Sir Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe calculated the probability of appearance of the different enzymes forming in one place at one time to produce a single bacterium in 1 in 10^40,000. Hubert Yockey calculated the probability for the appearance of the iso-l-cytochrome c at random as being 2 x 10^-44. Walter L. Bradley and Charles B. Thaxton calculated the probability of a random formation of amino acids into a protein as being 4.9 x 10^-191. Harold Morrison obtained in his calculations the impressive number of 1 in 10^{100,000,000,000} for a single celled bacterium to develop from accidental or chance processes. As quoted by Overman in the book: {{cite book cita libro |last=Overman|first=Dean L|editor-first= |editor-last= |titletítulo=A Case Against Accident and Self-Organization|publishereditorial=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=Lanham|year=1997|page=33-102|isbn=0-8476-8966-2}}</ref>

{{cquote|The failure to give a plausible evolutionary explanation for the origin of life casts a number of shadows over the whole field of evolutionary speculation.<ref>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Denton, Michael|enlaceautor=Michael Denton|titletítulo=[[Evolution: A Theory in Crisis]]|page=271|publishereditorial=Adler & Adler|location=Chevy Chase, MD|year=1985|isbn=0-917561-52-X}}</ref>}}

Due to the enormous odds against [[abiogenesis]] on [[earth]] some scientists have turned to the [[panspermia]] hypothesis, the belief that life started off this planet. Among these scientists are Francis Crick, [[Fred Hoyle]], Svante Arrhenius, Leslie Orgel and Thomas Gold.<ref name=overman /><ref>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Shapiro, Robert|titletítulo=Origins: A Skeptic´s Guide to the Creation of Life on Earth|publishereditorial=Bantam Books|location=Toronto|year=1987|page=226-227|isbn=0-553-34355-6}}</ref>

According to [[Jonathan Sarfati]], the main scientific objection to evolution is not whether changes, whatever their extent, occur through time. The key issue is the origin of the enormous amount of genetic that is needed in order for a microbe to evolve, ultimately reaching the complexity of humans.<ref>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Sarfati, Jonathan|enlaceautor=Jonathan Sarfati|titletítulo=[[The Greatest Hoax on Earth?]]:Refuting Dawkins on Evolution|location=Atlanta, Georgia|publishereditorial=Creation Book Publishers|year=2010|page=43|isbn=978-0-949906-73-1}}</ref> [[Dr. Lee Spetner]] points out that in living organisms, adaptation often take place by reducing the information in the genome and notes that the vertebrate eye or its immune system could never have evolved by loss of information alone.<ref>{{cite bookcita libro|authorautor=Spetner, Lee M|enlaceautor=Lee Spetner|titletítulo=[[Not by Chance!]] |publishereditorial=The Judaica Press|year=1998|location=Brooklyn, New York|page=127-160|chapter=5-Can Random Variation Build Information?|isbn=1-880582-24-4}}</ref>

* {{cite journalcita publicación|authorautor=Lin, Shu-Kun|year=2008|titletítulo=Gibbs Paradox and the Concepts of Information, Symmetry, Similarity and Their Relationship|journal=Entropy|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1-5|url=http://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/10/1/1}}* {{cite journalcita publicación|authorautor=Floridi, Luciano|year=2005|titletítulo=Is Information Meaningful Data?|journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research|volume=70|issue=2|pages=351–370|url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00002536/01/iimd.pdf}}