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{{traducción}}
'''Proteinoids''' also referred to as '''thermal proteins''', '''thermal polymers of amino acids'''<ref>{{cite book|title=Molecular Evolution: Prebiological and Biological|author=Dose, Klaus; Rauchfuss, Horst|editor=Rohlfing, Duane L.|publisher=Springer|year=1972|page=199-217|chapter=On the Electrophoretic Behavior of Thermal Polymers of Amino Acids|url=http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-2019-7_17|isbn=978-1-4684-2021-0}}</ref> or '''thermal heterocomplex molecules from amino acids'''<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://e-zerde.kz/kobe/papers/short/72.pdf|author=Haruna, Taichi; Shiozaki, Junya; Tanaka, Sayaka|title=How Does Thermal Gradient Contribute to Microcapsule Formation by Proteinoids?|editor=Umano, M. et al.|page=2314-2316|journal=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems and 13th International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems|year=2012|month=11}}</ref> are [[protein]]-like, aggregates formed abiotically by [[amino acids]], nucleic acids and [[inorganic compounds]]. [[Sidney Fox]] developed a pioneering work in the thermal synthesis of polypeptides. Fox heated dry mixtures of 16 to 18 amino acids at 160-180º in a nitrogen atmosphere for a time period of several hours.<ref name=pandas>{{cite book|title=Of Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins|author=Davis, Percival; [[Dean H. Kenyon|Kenyon, Dean H]]|publisher=Haughton Publishing Company|location=Dallas, Texas|edition=2nd|page=51-52|isbn=0-914513-40-0}}</ref> He noticed that the amino acids joined together by the loss of water molecules. Fox named the products resulting from his synthesis "proteinoids".<ref name=thaxton>{{cite book|author=[[Charles Thaxton|Thaxton, Charles B.]]; Bradley, Walter L.; Olsen, Roger L|title=The Mistery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories|publisher=Philosophical Library|location=New York|year=1984|page=155-156|isbn=0-8022-2447-4}}</ref> If proteinoids are dissolved in boiling water and the the solution is cooled the proteinoid molecules will coalesce to form microspheres.<ref name=how>{{cite book|author=Dembski, William A.; Wells, Jonathan|title=How to Be an Intellectually Fulfilled Atheist (or not)|publisher=ISI Books|location=Wilmington, Delaware|year=2008|page=57-61|isbn=978-1-933859-84-2}}</ref> The theory of [[abiogenesis]] proposed by Sidney Fox in the '60s, and who does not find many followers in the scientific community nowadays, stated that the agglomeration of proteinoid microspheres would have given rise to the precursors of the first living cells. Fox claimed that his proteinoid microspheres constitute protocells which were a vital link between the primordial chemical environment and true living cells.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.icr.org/article/life-fox-thermal-model-origin-life/|title= Origin of Life: The Fox Thermal Model of the Origin of Life|author=Gish, Duane|authorlink=Duane Gish|publisher=Institute for Creation Research|year=1976|journal=[[Acts|Acts & Facts]]|volume=5|issue=3|issn=0196-8068 }}</ref>
==Comparison between true proteins and proteinoids==
Spontaneous combinations of biomonomers may lead to proteinlike substances called proteinoids.<ref name=smith>{{cite book|author=Wilder-Smith, A. E.|title=The Creation of Life: A Cybernetic Approach to Evolution|year=1970|isbn=0-87788-144-8|location=Wheaton, Illinois|publisher=Harold Shaw Publishers|page=55}}</ref> Proteinoids are not fully functioning proteins. The following table illustrates some of the major differences:
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:#AADFEA;"|Characteristic
!style="background:#F0E68C;"|Proteinoid
!style="background:#AAEADF;"|True protein
|-
|Type of chain
|Unnatural chains, “kinked” chains, even branched chains instead of being linear are produced<ref name=how /><ref name=shapiro>{{cite book|author=Shapiro, Robert|title=Origins: A Skeptic's Guide to the Creation of Life on Earth|publisher=Bantam Books|location=Toronto|year=1987|page=193-194|isbn=0-553-34355-6}}</ref> Secondary peptide linkages through the non-alpha carboxyl groups of aspartic and glutamic acids can be expected.<ref name=Aw>{{cite book|author=Aw, S. E|title=Chemical Evolution|publisher=Master Books|location=San Diego, California|year=1982|page=91|isbn=0-89051-082-2}}</ref>
|Linear
|-
|Peptide bonds
|β, γ and ε peptide bonds largely predominate over α-peptide bonds<ref name=thaxton />
|α-peptide bonds
|-
|Form of amino acids
|Roughly the same number of D-amino acids (right-handed) and L-amino acids (left-handed).<ref name=thaxton /><ref name=how /> Even if the experiment begins will all L-amino acids, some are converted to the right-handed form<ref name=shapiro /> and the L-amino acids undergo racemic<ref name=Aw />
|Only L-amino acids
|-
|Coding sequences
|Amino acids bond together randomly.
|Amino acids bond together based on the code contained in DNA.
|-
|Pigments
|Some amino acids are converted to colored substances, pigments, which are incorporated into the chains.<ref name=shapiro />
|Amino acids remain as is without converting to pigments
|-
|Antigenicity tests
|Show no antigenicity with guinea pig, rabbit or uterine strip tests<ref name=smith />
|Proteins (generally with a molecular weight of at least 8,000 Da) show antigenicity in tests
|}
==See also==
* [http://www.icr.org/article/life-fox-thermal-model-origin-life/ Origin of Life: Critique of Early Stage Chemical Evolution Theories ] by [[Duane Gish]], Ph.D.
* [http://www.icr.org/article/77/ Origin of Life: Critique of Early Stage Chemical Evolution Theories] by [[Duane Gish]], Ph.D.
* [http://www.icr.org/article/life-theories-origin-biological-order/ The Origin of Life: Theories on the Origin of Biological Order] by [[Duane Gish]], Ph.D.
* [http://www.darwinismrefuted.com/molecular_biology_13.html Fox's Experiment] by darwinismrefuted.com
{{Referencias}}
{{Biología navcaja}}
{{química navcaja}}
[[Categoría: aminoácido]]
[[Categoría: Bioquímica]]
[[Categoría: Biología Molecular]]
[[en:Proteinoid]]
[[pt:proteinóide]]
'''Proteinoids''' also referred to as '''thermal proteins''', '''thermal polymers of amino acids'''<ref>{{cite book|title=Molecular Evolution: Prebiological and Biological|author=Dose, Klaus; Rauchfuss, Horst|editor=Rohlfing, Duane L.|publisher=Springer|year=1972|page=199-217|chapter=On the Electrophoretic Behavior of Thermal Polymers of Amino Acids|url=http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-2019-7_17|isbn=978-1-4684-2021-0}}</ref> or '''thermal heterocomplex molecules from amino acids'''<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://e-zerde.kz/kobe/papers/short/72.pdf|author=Haruna, Taichi; Shiozaki, Junya; Tanaka, Sayaka|title=How Does Thermal Gradient Contribute to Microcapsule Formation by Proteinoids?|editor=Umano, M. et al.|page=2314-2316|journal=Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems and 13th International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems|year=2012|month=11}}</ref> are [[protein]]-like, aggregates formed abiotically by [[amino acids]], nucleic acids and [[inorganic compounds]]. [[Sidney Fox]] developed a pioneering work in the thermal synthesis of polypeptides. Fox heated dry mixtures of 16 to 18 amino acids at 160-180º in a nitrogen atmosphere for a time period of several hours.<ref name=pandas>{{cite book|title=Of Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins|author=Davis, Percival; [[Dean H. Kenyon|Kenyon, Dean H]]|publisher=Haughton Publishing Company|location=Dallas, Texas|edition=2nd|page=51-52|isbn=0-914513-40-0}}</ref> He noticed that the amino acids joined together by the loss of water molecules. Fox named the products resulting from his synthesis "proteinoids".<ref name=thaxton>{{cite book|author=[[Charles Thaxton|Thaxton, Charles B.]]; Bradley, Walter L.; Olsen, Roger L|title=The Mistery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories|publisher=Philosophical Library|location=New York|year=1984|page=155-156|isbn=0-8022-2447-4}}</ref> If proteinoids are dissolved in boiling water and the the solution is cooled the proteinoid molecules will coalesce to form microspheres.<ref name=how>{{cite book|author=Dembski, William A.; Wells, Jonathan|title=How to Be an Intellectually Fulfilled Atheist (or not)|publisher=ISI Books|location=Wilmington, Delaware|year=2008|page=57-61|isbn=978-1-933859-84-2}}</ref> The theory of [[abiogenesis]] proposed by Sidney Fox in the '60s, and who does not find many followers in the scientific community nowadays, stated that the agglomeration of proteinoid microspheres would have given rise to the precursors of the first living cells. Fox claimed that his proteinoid microspheres constitute protocells which were a vital link between the primordial chemical environment and true living cells.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.icr.org/article/life-fox-thermal-model-origin-life/|title= Origin of Life: The Fox Thermal Model of the Origin of Life|author=Gish, Duane|authorlink=Duane Gish|publisher=Institute for Creation Research|year=1976|journal=[[Acts|Acts & Facts]]|volume=5|issue=3|issn=0196-8068 }}</ref>
==Comparison between true proteins and proteinoids==
Spontaneous combinations of biomonomers may lead to proteinlike substances called proteinoids.<ref name=smith>{{cite book|author=Wilder-Smith, A. E.|title=The Creation of Life: A Cybernetic Approach to Evolution|year=1970|isbn=0-87788-144-8|location=Wheaton, Illinois|publisher=Harold Shaw Publishers|page=55}}</ref> Proteinoids are not fully functioning proteins. The following table illustrates some of the major differences:
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:#AADFEA;"|Characteristic
!style="background:#F0E68C;"|Proteinoid
!style="background:#AAEADF;"|True protein
|-
|Type of chain
|Unnatural chains, “kinked” chains, even branched chains instead of being linear are produced<ref name=how /><ref name=shapiro>{{cite book|author=Shapiro, Robert|title=Origins: A Skeptic's Guide to the Creation of Life on Earth|publisher=Bantam Books|location=Toronto|year=1987|page=193-194|isbn=0-553-34355-6}}</ref> Secondary peptide linkages through the non-alpha carboxyl groups of aspartic and glutamic acids can be expected.<ref name=Aw>{{cite book|author=Aw, S. E|title=Chemical Evolution|publisher=Master Books|location=San Diego, California|year=1982|page=91|isbn=0-89051-082-2}}</ref>
|Linear
|-
|Peptide bonds
|β, γ and ε peptide bonds largely predominate over α-peptide bonds<ref name=thaxton />
|α-peptide bonds
|-
|Form of amino acids
|Roughly the same number of D-amino acids (right-handed) and L-amino acids (left-handed).<ref name=thaxton /><ref name=how /> Even if the experiment begins will all L-amino acids, some are converted to the right-handed form<ref name=shapiro /> and the L-amino acids undergo racemic<ref name=Aw />
|Only L-amino acids
|-
|Coding sequences
|Amino acids bond together randomly.
|Amino acids bond together based on the code contained in DNA.
|-
|Pigments
|Some amino acids are converted to colored substances, pigments, which are incorporated into the chains.<ref name=shapiro />
|Amino acids remain as is without converting to pigments
|-
|Antigenicity tests
|Show no antigenicity with guinea pig, rabbit or uterine strip tests<ref name=smith />
|Proteins (generally with a molecular weight of at least 8,000 Da) show antigenicity in tests
|}
==See also==
* [http://www.icr.org/article/life-fox-thermal-model-origin-life/ Origin of Life: Critique of Early Stage Chemical Evolution Theories ] by [[Duane Gish]], Ph.D.
* [http://www.icr.org/article/77/ Origin of Life: Critique of Early Stage Chemical Evolution Theories] by [[Duane Gish]], Ph.D.
* [http://www.icr.org/article/life-theories-origin-biological-order/ The Origin of Life: Theories on the Origin of Biological Order] by [[Duane Gish]], Ph.D.
* [http://www.darwinismrefuted.com/molecular_biology_13.html Fox's Experiment] by darwinismrefuted.com
{{Referencias}}
{{Biología navcaja}}
{{química navcaja}}
[[Categoría: aminoácido]]
[[Categoría: Bioquímica]]
[[Categoría: Biología Molecular]]
[[en:Proteinoid]]
[[pt:proteinóide]]
